Breast cancer is one of the most prevalent cancers affecting women worldwide. In South Africa, 1 in 27 women will be diagnosed in their lifetime (National Cancer Registry, 2022). The good news? Early detection can save lives. This guide covers everything you need to know, from risk factors and symptoms to screening methods and prevention strategies.
What is Breast Cancer?
Have you ever wondered “what is Breast Cancer?”. Breast cancer occurs when abnormal cells in the breast multiply uncontrollably, forming a tumour. These cancerous cells can spread to surrounding tissues and, in advanced stages, to other parts of the body.
Types of Breast Cancer
- Invasive Ductal Carcinoma (IDC): The most common type, starting in the milk ducts and spreading to nearby tissue.
- Invasive Lobular Carcinoma (ILC): Begins in the milk-producing glands (lobules) and spreads beyond them.
- Ductal Carcinoma in Situ (DCIS): A non-invasive cancer where abnormal cells remain within the milk ducts.
The Importance of Regular Breast Cancer Screenings
Routine breast cancer screenings are key to detecting breast cancer early, when treatment is most effective. The South African National Cancer Registry reports that early detection increases survival rates to over 80%.
Screening Methods
✔ Mammograms: X-ray imaging to detect early signs of breast cancer.
✔ Ultrasound: Used to examine lumps, especially in younger women.
✔ MRI: Provides a detailed scan for high-risk individuals.
✔ Biopsy: A sample of breast tissue is tested for cancerous cells.
Who Should Get Screened?
- Women 40+: Annual mammograms recommended.
- Women under 40 with risk factors: Regular clinical breast exams and ultrasounds.
- All women: Monthly breast self-exams to detect changes early.
Recognising Breast Cancer Symptoms
Early-stage breast cancer often has no symptoms, making regular screenings essential. However, warning signs and breast cancer symptoms include:
✔ A lump or thickening in the breast or underarm
✔ Changes in breast size or shape
✔ Unexplained breast pain or nipple tenderness
✔ Nipple discharge (especially if bloody)
✔ Dimpling or redness of the skin
✔ An inverted nipple
If you notice any of these signs, consult a healthcare professional immediately.
How to Perform a Breast Self-Exam
While not a substitute for mammograms, self-exams help you become familiar with your breasts and detect changes.
- Look: Stand in front of a mirror with your arms at your sides, then raised. Check for changes in shape, size, or skin texture.
- Feel (Standing Up): Use the pads of your fingers to check the entire breast and underarm in a circular motion.
- Feel (Lying Down): Repeat the process while lying down, as this allows for better examination of deeper tissue.
Who is at Risk?
Breast cancer can affect anyone, but certain factors increase the risk:
- Age: Risk rises after age 35, with most cases diagnosed after 50.
- Family History & Genetics: A history of breast cancer, particularly in first-degree relatives, raises the risk.
- Hormone Levels: Early menstruation, late menopause, or hormone therapy can increase risk.
- Lifestyle Factors: Obesity, smoking, alcohol consumption, and lack of exercise contribute to higher risk.
What Causes Breast Cancer?
Ever wondered what causes breast cancer? Breast cancer is a complex disease with multiple contributing factors. In South Africa, it is the most common cancer among women, accounting for approximately one in four female cancer diagnoses. Understanding its causes helps individuals take proactive steps toward risk reduction.
Genetic Factors and Family History
While most breast cancer cases are not inherited, mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes can increase risk. Women with a first-degree relative diagnosed with breast cancer are at higher risk.
Hormonal and Reproductive Factors
Factors influencing hormonal levels can contribute to breast cancer risk, including early menstruation (before age 12), late menopause (after age 55), having a first child after age 35, never having children, and taking hormone replacement therapy.
Lifestyle and Environmental Factors
Lifestyle choices and environmental exposures can also impact risk. Physical inactivity, obesity, a diet high in saturated fat, and exposure to certain chemicals or pollutants can all contribute to breast cancer development.
Age and Gender
The risk of breast cancer increases with age. Women are significantly more likely to develop the disease than men, although male breast cancer does occur.
Radiation and Environmental Toxins
Radiation exposure from multiple medical imaging tests or radiation therapy can increase risk. Additionally, exposure to environmental toxins such as pesticides and industrial chemicals may contribute to breast cancer development.
Breaking Myths About Breast Cancer Screenings
Many women avoid breast cancer screenings due to breast cancer myths and misconceptions. Let’s clear some up:
❌ Myth: Mammograms are painful.
✔ Reality: They may cause brief discomfort, but the procedure is quick, and early detection is life-saving.
❌ Myth: I’m too young for breast cancer.
✔ Reality: While more common in older women, breast cancer can occur at any age.
❌ Myth: No family history means I’m not at risk.
✔ Reality: Most breast cancer cases occur in women with no family history.
Reducing Your Breast Cancer Risk
While some risk factors for breast cancer, such as genetics and age, are beyond our control, there are several lifestyle choices that can help lower the risk of breast cancer. Research shows that maintaining overall health and making informed decisions about diet, exercise, and habits can have a significant impact on prevention. By prioritising these changes and staying proactive about regular screenings, individuals can take meaningful steps toward reducing their breast cancer risk. Here are some key ways to support breast health:
While some risk factors (like genetics) are beyond our control, adopting a healthy lifestyle can help:
✔ Maintain a healthy weight
✔ Exercise regularly (at least 150 minutes per week)
✔ Limit alcohol intake
✔ Avoid smoking
✔ Eat a diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains
✔ Schedule routine screenings
Radhiant’s Mobile Mammography Services and Commitment to Early Detection and Awareness
Radhiant is dedicated to increasing access to breast cancer screenings, particularly in rural and underserved areas throughout South Africa. Our mobile mammography units bring advanced screening technology to communities, ensuring more women have access to early detection services.
At Radhiant, we are passionate about improving breast cancer awareness and accessibility to screenings. Every woman deserves access to life-saving diagnostics, regardless of her location or financial situation. By working together, we can reduce the incidence of breast cancer and improve survival rates.
Book your mammogram today and take control of your breast health.