Breast cancer is the most common cancer affecting South African women, with 1 in 27 women diagnosed in their lifetime (National Cancer Registry, 2022). Early detection and awareness can save lives, making it crucial to understand the disease, its symptoms, risk factors, and the importance of regular screenings.
What is Breast Cancer?
Breast cancer occurs when abnormal cells in the breast grow uncontrollably, forming a tumour. These cancerous cells can invade surrounding tissues and, in advanced stages, spread (metastasize) to other parts of the body.
There are several types of breast cancer, but the most common include:
- Invasive Ductal Carcinoma (IDC): Begins in the milk ducts and spreads to surrounding breast tissue.
- Invasive Lobular Carcinoma (ILC): Starts in the lobules (milk-producing glands) and can spread beyond them.
- Ductal Carcinoma in Situ (DCIS): A non-invasive cancer where abnormal cells are confined to the milk ducts.
Common Symptoms & Warning Signs
Early-stage breast cancer may not cause noticeable symptoms, which is why regular breast cancer screenings are vital. However, as the disease progresses, common signs include:
- A lump or thickening in the breast or underarm
- Changes in breast size or shape
- Unexplained pain in the breast or nipple
- Nipple discharge (other than breast milk)
- Redness, scaling, or dimpling of the breast skin
- An inverted nipple (pulling inward)
If you notice any of these symptoms, consult a healthcare professional immediately.
What Causes Breast Cancer?
The exact cause of breast cancer is unknown, but certain factors increase the likelihood of developing it. Genetic mutations, especially in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes, are linked to an increased risk. Hormonal changes, lifestyle factors, and environmental exposure also contribute to breast cancer development.
Who is at Risk?
While breast cancer can affect anyone, some people are at a higher risk due to:
- Age: Risk increases after age 40, with most cases diagnosed in women over 50.
- Family History & Genetics: A family history of breast cancer, particularly in first-degree relatives, raises the risk.
- Hormone Levels: Increased exposure to oestrogen (due to early onset of menstruation, late menopause, or hormone therapy) may increase risk.
- Lifestyle Factors: Obesity, alcohol consumption, smoking, and lack of physical activity contribute to higher breast cancer risk.
How is Breast Cancer Diagnosed?
Early diagnosis significantly improves survival rates. Common diagnostic methods include:
- Mammograms: X-ray images of the breast used to detect early signs of cancer before symptoms appear.
- Ultrasound: Helps evaluate lumps, especially in younger women with dense breast tissue.
- Breast MRI: Used in high-risk patients for a more detailed breast tissue scan.
- Biopsy: A sample of breast tissue is removed and tested for cancerous cells.
Accessible Breast Cancer Screening in South Africa
Despite the high incidence of breast cancer, screening rates remain low, especially in rural and underserved areas. Radhiant Diagnostic Imaging’s mobile mammography units now operate in all 9 provinces, bringing life-saving screening services to women who previously had limited access to diagnostic care.
Women from all backgrounds—regardless of location or medical aid status—can receive quality breast cancer screenings through Radhiant’s off-the-grid mobile units, ensuring early detection and better treatment outcomes.
Why are Regular Breast Cancer Screenings Important?
Regular screenings can detect breast cancer before symptoms develop, allowing for earlier, more effective treatment. According to the South African National Cancer Registry (2022), breast cancer has a survival rate of over 80% when detected early.
The Cancer Association of South Africa (CANSA) and the South African Department of Health recommend:
- Women aged 40 and older: Annual mammograms
- Women under 40 with risk factors: Regular breast exams and ultrasounds
- All women: Monthly breast self-examinations
Stages & Progression of Breast Cancer
Breast cancer is classified into stages (0-IV) based on tumour size, spread, and lymph node involvement:
- Stage 0 (DCIS): Non-invasive, confined to the milk ducts.
- Stage I: Small tumour, minimal spread.
- Stage II: Larger tumour, possible lymph node involvement.
- Stage III: Locally advanced, significant spread to lymph nodes and surrounding tissue.
- Stage IV (Metastatic): Cancer has spread to distant organs like the lungs, liver, bones, or brain.
Treatment Options
Treatment varies based on the type and stage of breast cancer, including:
- Surgery: Lumpectomy (removing the tumour) or mastectomy (removing the breast).
- Radiation Therapy: Uses high-energy rays to kill cancer cells.
- Chemotherapy: Drug treatment that destroys cancer cells, often used for advanced-stage cancer.
- Hormone Therapy: Blocks hormones like oestrogen that fuel cancer growth.
- Targeted Therapy & Immunotherapy: Advanced treatments designed to attack specific cancer cells while minimizing harm to normal cells.
Lifestyle Changes to Reduce Risk
Although some risk factors (like age and genetics) are beyond our control, adopting healthy habits can lower breast cancer risk:
- Maintain a healthy weight
- Exercise regularly (at least 150 minutes per week)
- Limit alcohol intake
- Avoid smoking
- Eat a balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains
- Perform regular breast self-exams and schedule screenings as recommended
Final Thoughts
Breast cancer remains a major health concern in South Africa, but early detection saves lives. Through increased awareness, education, and accessible screening, more women can receive timely treatment and improved survival outcomes.
Radhiant Diagnostic Imaging is committed to bridging the healthcare gap by providing accessible, mobile mammography services across all 9 provinces. If you or a loved one needs a breast cancer screening, don’t wait—book your appointment today!